代做APH402 Homework 1
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Due on Tuesday, November 19, 2024
Question 1. To each of six 50.00 mL volumetric flasks, 5.00 mL of unknown solution containing X was added carefully. Then 0.00, 2.00, 4.00, 6.00, 8.00 and 10.00 mL (Vst) standard solutions with the concentration of X as 1.00 μg/mL were added to the flasks separately. The solution mixtures were diluted to 50.00 mL and were then analyzed using UV-Vis spectrometric method under 820 nm, giving absorbance (A) of 0.021, 0.045, 0.066, 0.084, 0.106, and 0.130 when wave path length was 1.00 cm.
1) Which calibration method was used in the experiment? Comment about its advantages. [6 marks]
2) What are the other TWO most commonly used instrumental calibration methods? Describe the process and the working principles for the two methods and their advantages. [12 marks]
3) Assuming that the absorbance of the solutions obeys Beer’s Law (A = εbc), derivate A~Vst equation and process the experimental data with Excel, showing the absorbance A ~ Vst diagram along with the R2 and the A ~ Vst equation, and calculate the concentration of X in the sample solution. [10 marks]
4) A spectrophotometric method for the determination of Pb2+ in blood uses Cu2+ as internal standard. A standard sample containing 1.75 ppb Pb2+ and 2.25 ppb of Cu2+ gives an absorbance of 0.48 and 0.20 for Pb2+ and Cu2+, respectively. To analyze an unknown sample, 10.0 mL of 2.50 ppb Cu2+ solution was added to 10.0 mL of the unknown blood sample, and then diluted to 25.0 mL with a volumetric flask. The absorbances measured 0.15 and 0.21 for Pb2+ and Cu2+, respectively. Calculate the concentration of Pb2+ in the unknown blood sample. [8 marks]
Question 2. The van Deemter Equation relates the linear velocity (μ) with the height of the theoretical plate (H): H = A + B/μ + Cμ
Explain the type of band broadening described by A and B terms with the help of diagrams. [8 marks]
Question 3. GC separation of a 2-component mixture, with a 20-meter column, resulted in a chromatogram shown below.
1) Calculate the standard deviation (σ), the separation factor (α),the resolution (Rs), the plate number (N) and the plate height (H) of these two components. [12 marks]
2) How long should the column be to achieve a baseline resolution of these two peaks? And what are the retention times for components A and B in this new column?
Question 4. Answer All Questions
1) Sketch diagrams to illustrate the effect of flow rate of the mobile phase (μ, cm/s) to the efficient of the column (H, mm) for GC and LC, respectively. [6 marks]
2) An average HPLC column available today is able to achieve column efficiencies (N) of around 40,000 theoretical plates/m. In comparison, even the best capillary GC columns are only able to achieve 8,000 theoretical plates/m. Why then, is GC capable of achieving orders of magnitude better resolving power than HPLC? Explain this apparent contradiction. [6 marks]
Question 5. Reversed phase HPLC analysis was carried out for a pharmaceutical mixture contains 4-aminobenzoic acid (A), salicylic acid (S) and benzoic acid (B), where the stationary phase is a C18 chain with polyfluorinated aromatic ring at the end of the chain. If a 30% MeCN aqueous solution is used as the mobile with a UV 255 nm detector, discuss the necessity of controlling the pH of the mobile and the relative order of the retention times for the three analytes at the pH you proposed.
[10 marks]
Question 6. For the six solutes below, two different GC spectra were obtained with two different the stationary phases. Give your explanation based on the “Like interacts with like” theory. [20 marks]
Exp#1: SP = 100% Methyl Polysiloxane
Exp#2: SP = 50% Methyl + 50% Phenyl Polysiloxane