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Project 3
MIPS Simulator
This assignment will give you experience in programming in C++ and the operation of a MIPS
pipelined processor. Further, you will gain insight into how multiple events that occur in parallel
can be simulated using a sequential machine.
1. Problem Statement
This assignment requires a simple 5 stage pipelined machine to be simulated. The simulator
should be capable of implementing the MIPS architecture on a cycle by cycle basis. The simulator
must be cycle accurate with respect to contents of the registers, but need not be faithful to other
hardware details such as control signals. The output of the simulator, in addition to the register
contents and latch values should include the utilization factor of each functional unit and the
total time in cycles to execute a set of instructions. Implement the simulator according to the
specifications described below in C++. Submit the code, simulation results and a project
description write-up.
1.1 Instructions to be implemented
The simulator should implement the following instructions: add, sub, addi, mul, lw, sw, beq, lui,
and, andi, or, ori, sll, srl, slti, and sltiu. Note that these instructions operate integer instructions
only. The MIPS instruction format can be used for all instructions except mul. Assume the syntax
for mul is mul $a,$b,$c, meaning that we multiply the contents of $b and $c, the least significant
32 bits of results are placed in register $a and the most significant 32-bits of the result will be
stored in register $(a+1). For example, mul $t0, $t8, $t9 will store lower 32-bits of the product of
$t8 * $t9 in register $t0 and the upper 32-bits of the product in register $t1 (Hint: See MIPS green
sheet instructions summary for registers numbering). This is different from the mult instruction
in MIPS. Assume the opcode and function code for mul to be same as that of mult.
1.2 Inputs to the simulator
1) MIPS machine code as a text file: Convert the assembly level instructions to machine level by
using https://www.eg.bucknell.edu/~csci320/mips_web/ or http://www.kurtm.net/mipsasm/
2) A query to the user to select between instruction or cycle mode
• Instruction mode: To observe execution of the program instruction by instruction
• Cycle mode: To observe execution of the program cycle by cycle
3) A query to the user to select the number of instructions or cycles (depending on the choice
made in the previous query) to be executed.
4) After executing the number of instructions or cycles entered initially by the user, a third
query to the user to choose to continue execution or not.
• If yes, Repeat from step 3
• If no, exit the execution and display the results
1.3 Memory, Registers and PC
The memory is one word wide and 2K bytes in size. There are physically separate instruction and
data memories for the instruction and data. Data memory is initialized to 0 at the beginning of
each simulation run. There is no cache in this machine.
There are 32 registers; register 0 is hardwired to 0. In addition, there is a Program Counter (PC).
PC should start execution by fetching the instruction stored in the location to which it is
initialized.
1.4 CPU
The pipelined MIPS processor has 5 stages: IF, ID, EX, MEM, WB. There are pipeline registers
between the stages: IF/ID, ID/EX, EX/MEM, MEM/WB. Assume the pipeline registers to contain
following latches:
• IF/ID : IR, NPC
• ID/EX : IR, NPC, A, B , Imm
• EX/MEM : IR, B, ALUOutput , cond
• MEM/WB : IR, ALUOutput, LMD
1.5 Output of the simulator
In addition to displaying the register contents and latch values after the execution of each
cycle/instruction, it should output the following statistics
• Utilization of each stage. Utilization is the fraction of cycles for which the stage is
doing useful work. Just waiting for a structural, control, or data hazard to clear in
front of it does not constitute useful work.
• Total time (in CPU cycles) taken to execute the MIPS program on the simulated
machine. (This is NOT the time taken to execute the simulation; it is the time
taken by the machine being simulated.)
1.6 Dealing with branches
The processor does not implement branch prediction. When the ID stage detects a branch, it asks
the IF stage to stop fetching and flushes the IF_ID latch (inserts NOP). When the EX stage resolves
the branch, IF is allowed to resume instruction fetch depending on the branch outcome.
1.7 Other remarks
• No interrupts.
• Does not support out of order execution
• Does not support data forwarding
• Assume register writes are completed in the first half of clock cycle and register reads
are carried out in the second half.
• All data, structural and control hazards must be taken into account.
• Branches are resolved in the EX stage.
2. Way to approach (Suggestion)
Start by figuring out how to implement the Pipeline registers (use of class is recommended), the
5 stages of the pipeline, instruction and data memory, 32 registers and PC. Think of how the
execution of 5 stages of the pipeline (which is a parallel operation) could be done in C++ (where
instructions are executed sequentially). Figure out a way to account for data, structural and
control hazards. Finally think of how the utilization and total time to execute the program can be
measured.
Project 3
MIPS Simulator
This assignment will give you experience in programming in C++ and the operation of a MIPS
pipelined processor. Further, you will gain insight into how multiple events that occur in parallel
can be simulated using a sequential machine.
1. Problem Statement
This assignment requires a simple 5 stage pipelined machine to be simulated. The simulator
should be capable of implementing the MIPS architecture on a cycle by cycle basis. The simulator
must be cycle accurate with respect to contents of the registers, but need not be faithful to other
hardware details such as control signals. The output of the simulator, in addition to the register
contents and latch values should include the utilization factor of each functional unit and the
total time in cycles to execute a set of instructions. Implement the simulator according to the
specifications described below in C++. Submit the code, simulation results and a project
description write-up.
1.1 Instructions to be implemented
The simulator should implement the following instructions: add, sub, addi, mul, lw, sw, beq, lui,
and, andi, or, ori, sll, srl, slti, and sltiu. Note that these instructions operate integer instructions
only. The MIPS instruction format can be used for all instructions except mul. Assume the syntax
for mul is mul $a,$b,$c, meaning that we multiply the contents of $b and $c, the least significant
32 bits of results are placed in register $a and the most significant 32-bits of the result will be
stored in register $(a+1). For example, mul $t0, $t8, $t9 will store lower 32-bits of the product of
$t8 * $t9 in register $t0 and the upper 32-bits of the product in register $t1 (Hint: See MIPS green
sheet instructions summary for registers numbering). This is different from the mult instruction
in MIPS. Assume the opcode and function code for mul to be same as that of mult.
1.2 Inputs to the simulator
1) MIPS machine code as a text file: Convert the assembly level instructions to machine level by
using https://www.eg.bucknell.edu/~csci320/mips_web/ or http://www.kurtm.net/mipsasm/
2) A query to the user to select between instruction or cycle mode
• Instruction mode: To observe execution of the program instruction by instruction
• Cycle mode: To observe execution of the program cycle by cycle
3) A query to the user to select the number of instructions or cycles (depending on the choice
made in the previous query) to be executed.
4) After executing the number of instructions or cycles entered initially by the user, a third
query to the user to choose to continue execution or not.
• If yes, Repeat from step 3
• If no, exit the execution and display the results
1.3 Memory, Registers and PC
The memory is one word wide and 2K bytes in size. There are physically separate instruction and
data memories for the instruction and data. Data memory is initialized to 0 at the beginning of
each simulation run. There is no cache in this machine.
There are 32 registers; register 0 is hardwired to 0. In addition, there is a Program Counter (PC).
PC should start execution by fetching the instruction stored in the location to which it is
initialized.
1.4 CPU
The pipelined MIPS processor has 5 stages: IF, ID, EX, MEM, WB. There are pipeline registers
between the stages: IF/ID, ID/EX, EX/MEM, MEM/WB. Assume the pipeline registers to contain
following latches:
• IF/ID : IR, NPC
• ID/EX : IR, NPC, A, B , Imm
• EX/MEM : IR, B, ALUOutput , cond
• MEM/WB : IR, ALUOutput, LMD
1.5 Output of the simulator
In addition to displaying the register contents and latch values after the execution of each
cycle/instruction, it should output the following statistics
• Utilization of each stage. Utilization is the fraction of cycles for which the stage is
doing useful work. Just waiting for a structural, control, or data hazard to clear in
front of it does not constitute useful work.
• Total time (in CPU cycles) taken to execute the MIPS program on the simulated
machine. (This is NOT the time taken to execute the simulation; it is the time
taken by the machine being simulated.)
1.6 Dealing with branches
The processor does not implement branch prediction. When the ID stage detects a branch, it asks
the IF stage to stop fetching and flushes the IF_ID latch (inserts NOP). When the EX stage resolves
the branch, IF is allowed to resume instruction fetch depending on the branch outcome.
1.7 Other remarks
• No interrupts.
• Does not support out of order execution
• Does not support data forwarding
• Assume register writes are completed in the first half of clock cycle and register reads
are carried out in the second half.
• All data, structural and control hazards must be taken into account.
• Branches are resolved in the EX stage.
2. Way to approach (Suggestion)
Start by figuring out how to implement the Pipeline registers (use of class is recommended), the
5 stages of the pipeline, instruction and data memory, 32 registers and PC. Think of how the
execution of 5 stages of the pipeline (which is a parallel operation) could be done in C++ (where
instructions are executed sequentially). Figure out a way to account for data, structural and
control hazards. Finally think of how the utilization and total time to execute the program can be
measured.