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1
‘Always On Time’ Delivery
Introduction
Your friend’s delivery company ‘Never On Time Sdn Bhd’ is receiving tons of complaints from
customers as they feel that the delivery process is far too slow. Delivery men in your friend’s
company are always lost in the middle of their delivery route, don’t know where to deliver the
parcel and which road they should take to shorten the delivery time. Sometimes they feel angry
and exhausted when they lose their direction and they eventually take it out on the parcels
which causes more complaints from customers. Your friend tried out many ways to solve the
problem but to no avail. Hence, you are your friend’s last hope to save his company.
Figure 1: Visualization of the problem’s underlying structure
Problem Statement
In this assignment, you as a professional engineer are requested to simulate the delivery
process and planning in a country to help your friend shorten their delivery time.
Basic Requirements
Let us start with definitions of all terms we are going to use in this problem context. A customer
is an entity that has a certain demand and therefore requires the presence of a vehicle, a unit
that can move between customers and the depot, a unit that initially possesses the demands
of the customers. All vehicles are capacitated that they can only contain goods (the customer’s
demands) up to a certain maximum capacity. Moving a vehicle between the depot and the
customers comes with a certain cost. A route is a sequence of visited customers by a certain
vehicle, starting and ending at a depot while a tour is a list of routes of all vehicles to fulfil all
customers’ demands.
You can imagine the underlying structure of this problem as a complete undirected graph
G(V, E). A simple visualization is given in the Fig. 1 above.
WIA/WIB1002 DS Assignment (S2, 2020/21) ‘Always on Time’ Delivery
2
Input
Given a text file, where the first row indicates the number of customers (including depot),
N and maximum capacity of all vehicles, C. After this, starting from second row onwards
are the N rows of information. In particular, every row of information contains 3 data, which
are x-coordinate, y-coordinate and lastly demand size of a customer. The second row
represents the depot and its demand size is always 0 while the rest of the rows show customer
information. An example of input is given below.
Figure 2: The format of the input file and the example input.
In Fig. 2, the left side of the figure shows the input file format, while the right side of the figure
shows an example of input text file. In this example, N=5 indicates that there are 4 customers
and a depot, and the maximum capacity for all vehicles you use is 10.
It is then followed by 5 rows of information. Second row of the example input indicates location
of the depot in x and y coordinates, (86, 22) and demand size is 0. The next 4 rows (viz., third
row to sixth row) show locations and demand size of every customer. For instance, the first
customer is located at (29, 17) with demand size of 1. In order for us to identify depot and
every customer, we simply give each one of them an ID according to their sequence in the
text file. For example, the depot located at (86, 22) is assigned an ID of 0, then the first
customer located at (29, 17) with demand size 1 is assigned an ID of 1, followed by ID 2 for
second customer at (4, 50) with demand size 8, etc.
Noted that Fig. 2 is only an example input, you may adjust input format for your own needs.
Given any input of this format, your task is to find out the best tour with lowest cost (a tour’s
cost is simply the summation of all routes’ costs while a route’s cost is simply the total
Euclidean distance travelled by the vehicle using that route). Note that this also means that
your program needs to find out what is the best number of vehicles to be used as well in order
to achieve the lowest cost.
WIA/WIB1002 DS Assignment (S2, 2020/21) ‘Always on Time’ Delivery
3
Output
There are total of 3 outputs you have to generate, we define each output as a simulation:
1. Let’s start with a simple one. In the first simulation, you are requested to find the best
tour for a given case with small N using Breadth-First Search / Depth-First Search
traversal implementation which you will learn in the class. We name this approach as
‘Basic Simulation’.
2. Secondly, you are requested to implement a Greedy Search that is able to find a good
solution given a case with small or large N. Greedy Search means we simply look for
the best option in the next move when we travel through the whole graph. For
illustration, in this context the vehicle will always looks for the shortest distance
between current location and all next possible location to select the next location to go.
A simple explanation will be given in the Github link provided in ‘Resource’ section. We
name this approach as ‘Greedy Simulation’.
3. Now, this is the most important part of this simulation. We want to search for the best
tour that we could search of in a limited computation time. This means that if we
are given enough time, then we will provide the best tour else we will just provide the
best tour we could find of if we are given a limited time with large N. Thus, we are going
to implement another searching algorithm, which is known as Monte Carlo Tree
Search. A brief explanation of this algorithm is given in the next section. We name this
approach as ‘MCTS Simulation’.
For every simulation, you need to show the tour’s cost, followed by every used vehicle’s
information which includes the route taken, vehicle’s used capacity and cost of the route
taken. Sample output is given below with the case of the sample input given in the previous
section.
Figure 3: Example output based on the input file in Fig. 2. You may output your simulations
one after another instead of side by side. It is put as side by side here just to save spaces.
WIA/WIB1002 DS Assignment (S2, 2020/21) ‘Always on Time’ Delivery
4
Monte Carlo Tree Search
In MCTS, nodes are the building blocks of the search tree. These nodes are formed based on
the outcome of a number of simulations. In general, MCTS selects next moves based on
certain strategies until the end (leaf node), and based on the evaluation of the status in leaf
node, we backpropagate the evaluation result to the root node to update the strategy so that
we can select a better move in next loop. The process of Monte Carlo Tree Search can be
broken down into four distinct steps, selection, expansion, simulation, and backpropagation
as shown in the figure below.
Figure 4: The Monte Carlo Tree Search process.
● Selection: In this process, the MCTS algorithm traverses the current tree from the root
node using a specific strategy. The strategy we are going to use to solve our problem
is policy adaptation. It is a bit long to be explained here and out of the scope of this
Data Structure course thus the full logic of selection will be provided. Based on the
policy, we select the ‘best child’ from all possible child nodes and enter the expansion
phase.
● Expansion: In this process, a new child node is added to the tree to that node which
was optimally reached during the selection process.
● Simulation: In this process, a simulation is performed by choosing moves or strategies
until a result or predefined state is achieved. We can choose those moves randomly,
to perform a random simulation, but for better efficiency, we choose the moves
according to policy.
● Backpropagation: After determining the value of the newly added node, the remaining
tree must be updated. So, the backpropagation process is performed, where it
backpropagates from the new node to the root node. During the process, the policy we
use to select moves is updated according to the cost of the result.
For your knowledge, MCTS was indeed successfully implemented in many real life
applications such as board games including Chess and Go (AlphaGo), protein folding
problems, chemical design applications, planning and logistics, building structural design,
interplanetary flights planning and is currently intended as one of the best approaches in
Artificial General Intelligence for games (AGI).
WIA/WIB1002 DS Assignment (S2, 2020/21) ‘Always on Time’ Delivery
5
Resources
I uploaded some of the sample inputs on my personal GitHub repository, where you can
access it through this link: Delivery-Instances (GitHub Repo). You might want to test your
program using the sample inputs provided there or you can simply generate inputs randomly
for your own sake. The sample inputs provided there follow the input format explained earlier
and if your program is receiving a different input format then you might need to change those
samples’ format after downloading them as well.
Inside the repository you will also find the implementation of MCTS, in pseudo-codes form,
and I believe you guys have the ability to figure out the complete implementation.
If you have any questions please feel free to raise it in the GitHub repo by creating a new issue.
I will check the repo from time to time and try to answer your questions. If you are unfamiliar
with GitHub, here is a documentation guide on how to create a new issue in a GitHub repo.
Extra: I might be putting more and more resources regarding the problems (some possible
new ideas for extra features of this problem or explanations about MCTS as well) for your
reading. If you are interested, can try checking the GitHub repo from time to time.
WIA/WIB1002 DS Assignment (S2, 2020/21) ‘Always on Time’ Delivery
6
Extra Features
Graphic User Interface (GUI)
Build your simulator with a nice looking GUI. You can either simulate it in a graph or in a graph
with a graphic map background. Your program should simulate the process of delivery
(movement of vehicles between locations with respect to time).
Random Parcel Pick Up Spawning
During the parcel delivery process, there might be customers requesting parcel pick up from
their home to be delivered to other places. Thus, in order to minimize cost, we have to update
the path used by couriers (vehicles) whenever there is a new request for parcel pickup from a
new location.
Pickup and Delivery
In this case, parcels are not initially located at the depot, instead parcels are on the customer's
site. For every customer, you need to send a vehicle to their location to pick up the parcel
(demand) and send it to another location specified by the customer (demand is released in
destination).
There are few things you might need to be careful of: first, a delivery point cannot come before
its respective pickup point when you find the best route for your couriers. Secondly, all vehicles
departing from the depot have 0 used capacity (as parcels are not inside the depot anymore).
When a vehicle reaches a pickup point, it decrements the available capacity in the vehicle as
it pickups the parcel. When a vehicle reaches a delivery point with its respective parcel, it
releases the parcel and thus increments back the available capacity of the vehicle.
Heterogeneous Vehicle Capacity
In basic requirements, we assume that every vehicle shares the same capacity, C. In fact, we
might have different types of vehicles that have different capacity (e.g. a lorry can deliver more
loads than a van). In order to produce a simulation closer to real life, you might need to
consider adding this feature.
Time constraint from customer
In real life, we not only have to minimize the time and fuel (represented by distance) used by
couriers, we also have to consider the expected arrival time of every parcel to their owners.
We should not deliver the parcel later than its expected arrival time as it would result in bad
customer reviews. In your simulation, you might want to add this feature as well.
For every customer, you might need to add a time window [t1, t2] to specify the time range we
can deliver a parcel to a customer. If we arrive at the customer location before t1, then we
have to wait for it and do nothing else, and if we deliver the parcel after t2, then we will receive
a penalty which is undesired. Thus, your tour should strictly follow the time window for every
customer and at the same time minimize the cost.
WIA/WIB1002 DS Assignment (S2, 2020/21) ‘Always on Time’ Delivery
7
Traffic Conditions
Traffic conditions for every road keep changing due to many reasons which we can’t predict
(accidents, peak hours, holiday seasons etc.). In your simulation, you can also simulate this
by assigning flexible time (that may change from time to time) to every road (connection
between nodes). When there are traffic condition changes, the path taken by every courier
that is affected should make some changes as well.
Site-Dependent Customer
Not every type of vehicle can serve every type of customer because of site-dependent
restrictions. For example, customers located in very narrow streets cannot be served by a very
big truck, and customers with very high demands require large vehicles. So associated with
each customer is a set of feasible vehicles but not all.
Extra Algorithm Implementation
You can implement other searching algorithms to search for a best-known path for the delivery
process. Here are some of the possible searching algorithm you might want to consider:
1. Best First Search
2. A* Search
3. Genetic Algorithm
4. Hybrid Search I (MCTS + GA)
5. Hybrid Search II (MCTS + ML)
6. Your custom searching algorithm
Parallelism (Threading)
You might want to apply parallel programming for the MCTS algorithm. For MCTS, simulations
made can be run parallelly to reduce time usage greatly so that we can get a better result with
shorter time for large N.
You can also apply parallel programming by parallelising the process of vehicle movement
and route searching. You can try to search a best next move first using MCTS, then while
vehicle is moving to the next location (which the process should take some times if you animate
your simulation), you can continue to search the next best move from the next location so that
you don’t have to waste so much time initially for searching the best whole route for every
vehicle before they depart.
END OF THE QUESTION
1
‘Always On Time’ Delivery
Introduction
Your friend’s delivery company ‘Never On Time Sdn Bhd’ is receiving tons of complaints from
customers as they feel that the delivery process is far too slow. Delivery men in your friend’s
company are always lost in the middle of their delivery route, don’t know where to deliver the
parcel and which road they should take to shorten the delivery time. Sometimes they feel angry
and exhausted when they lose their direction and they eventually take it out on the parcels
which causes more complaints from customers. Your friend tried out many ways to solve the
problem but to no avail. Hence, you are your friend’s last hope to save his company.
Figure 1: Visualization of the problem’s underlying structure
Problem Statement
In this assignment, you as a professional engineer are requested to simulate the delivery
process and planning in a country to help your friend shorten their delivery time.
Basic Requirements
Let us start with definitions of all terms we are going to use in this problem context. A customer
is an entity that has a certain demand and therefore requires the presence of a vehicle, a unit
that can move between customers and the depot, a unit that initially possesses the demands
of the customers. All vehicles are capacitated that they can only contain goods (the customer’s
demands) up to a certain maximum capacity. Moving a vehicle between the depot and the
customers comes with a certain cost. A route is a sequence of visited customers by a certain
vehicle, starting and ending at a depot while a tour is a list of routes of all vehicles to fulfil all
customers’ demands.
You can imagine the underlying structure of this problem as a complete undirected graph
G(V, E). A simple visualization is given in the Fig. 1 above.
WIA/WIB1002 DS Assignment (S2, 2020/21) ‘Always on Time’ Delivery
2
Input
Given a text file, where the first row indicates the number of customers (including depot),
N and maximum capacity of all vehicles, C. After this, starting from second row onwards
are the N rows of information. In particular, every row of information contains 3 data, which
are x-coordinate, y-coordinate and lastly demand size of a customer. The second row
represents the depot and its demand size is always 0 while the rest of the rows show customer
information. An example of input is given below.
Figure 2: The format of the input file and the example input.
In Fig. 2, the left side of the figure shows the input file format, while the right side of the figure
shows an example of input text file. In this example, N=5 indicates that there are 4 customers
and a depot, and the maximum capacity for all vehicles you use is 10.
It is then followed by 5 rows of information. Second row of the example input indicates location
of the depot in x and y coordinates, (86, 22) and demand size is 0. The next 4 rows (viz., third
row to sixth row) show locations and demand size of every customer. For instance, the first
customer is located at (29, 17) with demand size of 1. In order for us to identify depot and
every customer, we simply give each one of them an ID according to their sequence in the
text file. For example, the depot located at (86, 22) is assigned an ID of 0, then the first
customer located at (29, 17) with demand size 1 is assigned an ID of 1, followed by ID 2 for
second customer at (4, 50) with demand size 8, etc.
Noted that Fig. 2 is only an example input, you may adjust input format for your own needs.
Given any input of this format, your task is to find out the best tour with lowest cost (a tour’s
cost is simply the summation of all routes’ costs while a route’s cost is simply the total
Euclidean distance travelled by the vehicle using that route). Note that this also means that
your program needs to find out what is the best number of vehicles to be used as well in order
to achieve the lowest cost.
WIA/WIB1002 DS Assignment (S2, 2020/21) ‘Always on Time’ Delivery
3
Output
There are total of 3 outputs you have to generate, we define each output as a simulation:
1. Let’s start with a simple one. In the first simulation, you are requested to find the best
tour for a given case with small N using Breadth-First Search / Depth-First Search
traversal implementation which you will learn in the class. We name this approach as
‘Basic Simulation’.
2. Secondly, you are requested to implement a Greedy Search that is able to find a good
solution given a case with small or large N. Greedy Search means we simply look for
the best option in the next move when we travel through the whole graph. For
illustration, in this context the vehicle will always looks for the shortest distance
between current location and all next possible location to select the next location to go.
A simple explanation will be given in the Github link provided in ‘Resource’ section. We
name this approach as ‘Greedy Simulation’.
3. Now, this is the most important part of this simulation. We want to search for the best
tour that we could search of in a limited computation time. This means that if we
are given enough time, then we will provide the best tour else we will just provide the
best tour we could find of if we are given a limited time with large N. Thus, we are going
to implement another searching algorithm, which is known as Monte Carlo Tree
Search. A brief explanation of this algorithm is given in the next section. We name this
approach as ‘MCTS Simulation’.
For every simulation, you need to show the tour’s cost, followed by every used vehicle’s
information which includes the route taken, vehicle’s used capacity and cost of the route
taken. Sample output is given below with the case of the sample input given in the previous
section.
Figure 3: Example output based on the input file in Fig. 2. You may output your simulations
one after another instead of side by side. It is put as side by side here just to save spaces.
WIA/WIB1002 DS Assignment (S2, 2020/21) ‘Always on Time’ Delivery
4
Monte Carlo Tree Search
In MCTS, nodes are the building blocks of the search tree. These nodes are formed based on
the outcome of a number of simulations. In general, MCTS selects next moves based on
certain strategies until the end (leaf node), and based on the evaluation of the status in leaf
node, we backpropagate the evaluation result to the root node to update the strategy so that
we can select a better move in next loop. The process of Monte Carlo Tree Search can be
broken down into four distinct steps, selection, expansion, simulation, and backpropagation
as shown in the figure below.
Figure 4: The Monte Carlo Tree Search process.
● Selection: In this process, the MCTS algorithm traverses the current tree from the root
node using a specific strategy. The strategy we are going to use to solve our problem
is policy adaptation. It is a bit long to be explained here and out of the scope of this
Data Structure course thus the full logic of selection will be provided. Based on the
policy, we select the ‘best child’ from all possible child nodes and enter the expansion
phase.
● Expansion: In this process, a new child node is added to the tree to that node which
was optimally reached during the selection process.
● Simulation: In this process, a simulation is performed by choosing moves or strategies
until a result or predefined state is achieved. We can choose those moves randomly,
to perform a random simulation, but for better efficiency, we choose the moves
according to policy.
● Backpropagation: After determining the value of the newly added node, the remaining
tree must be updated. So, the backpropagation process is performed, where it
backpropagates from the new node to the root node. During the process, the policy we
use to select moves is updated according to the cost of the result.
For your knowledge, MCTS was indeed successfully implemented in many real life
applications such as board games including Chess and Go (AlphaGo), protein folding
problems, chemical design applications, planning and logistics, building structural design,
interplanetary flights planning and is currently intended as one of the best approaches in
Artificial General Intelligence for games (AGI).
WIA/WIB1002 DS Assignment (S2, 2020/21) ‘Always on Time’ Delivery
5
Resources
I uploaded some of the sample inputs on my personal GitHub repository, where you can
access it through this link: Delivery-Instances (GitHub Repo). You might want to test your
program using the sample inputs provided there or you can simply generate inputs randomly
for your own sake. The sample inputs provided there follow the input format explained earlier
and if your program is receiving a different input format then you might need to change those
samples’ format after downloading them as well.
Inside the repository you will also find the implementation of MCTS, in pseudo-codes form,
and I believe you guys have the ability to figure out the complete implementation.
If you have any questions please feel free to raise it in the GitHub repo by creating a new issue.
I will check the repo from time to time and try to answer your questions. If you are unfamiliar
with GitHub, here is a documentation guide on how to create a new issue in a GitHub repo.
Extra: I might be putting more and more resources regarding the problems (some possible
new ideas for extra features of this problem or explanations about MCTS as well) for your
reading. If you are interested, can try checking the GitHub repo from time to time.
WIA/WIB1002 DS Assignment (S2, 2020/21) ‘Always on Time’ Delivery
6
Extra Features
Graphic User Interface (GUI)
Build your simulator with a nice looking GUI. You can either simulate it in a graph or in a graph
with a graphic map background. Your program should simulate the process of delivery
(movement of vehicles between locations with respect to time).
Random Parcel Pick Up Spawning
During the parcel delivery process, there might be customers requesting parcel pick up from
their home to be delivered to other places. Thus, in order to minimize cost, we have to update
the path used by couriers (vehicles) whenever there is a new request for parcel pickup from a
new location.
Pickup and Delivery
In this case, parcels are not initially located at the depot, instead parcels are on the customer's
site. For every customer, you need to send a vehicle to their location to pick up the parcel
(demand) and send it to another location specified by the customer (demand is released in
destination).
There are few things you might need to be careful of: first, a delivery point cannot come before
its respective pickup point when you find the best route for your couriers. Secondly, all vehicles
departing from the depot have 0 used capacity (as parcels are not inside the depot anymore).
When a vehicle reaches a pickup point, it decrements the available capacity in the vehicle as
it pickups the parcel. When a vehicle reaches a delivery point with its respective parcel, it
releases the parcel and thus increments back the available capacity of the vehicle.
Heterogeneous Vehicle Capacity
In basic requirements, we assume that every vehicle shares the same capacity, C. In fact, we
might have different types of vehicles that have different capacity (e.g. a lorry can deliver more
loads than a van). In order to produce a simulation closer to real life, you might need to
consider adding this feature.
Time constraint from customer
In real life, we not only have to minimize the time and fuel (represented by distance) used by
couriers, we also have to consider the expected arrival time of every parcel to their owners.
We should not deliver the parcel later than its expected arrival time as it would result in bad
customer reviews. In your simulation, you might want to add this feature as well.
For every customer, you might need to add a time window [t1, t2] to specify the time range we
can deliver a parcel to a customer. If we arrive at the customer location before t1, then we
have to wait for it and do nothing else, and if we deliver the parcel after t2, then we will receive
a penalty which is undesired. Thus, your tour should strictly follow the time window for every
customer and at the same time minimize the cost.
WIA/WIB1002 DS Assignment (S2, 2020/21) ‘Always on Time’ Delivery
7
Traffic Conditions
Traffic conditions for every road keep changing due to many reasons which we can’t predict
(accidents, peak hours, holiday seasons etc.). In your simulation, you can also simulate this
by assigning flexible time (that may change from time to time) to every road (connection
between nodes). When there are traffic condition changes, the path taken by every courier
that is affected should make some changes as well.
Site-Dependent Customer
Not every type of vehicle can serve every type of customer because of site-dependent
restrictions. For example, customers located in very narrow streets cannot be served by a very
big truck, and customers with very high demands require large vehicles. So associated with
each customer is a set of feasible vehicles but not all.
Extra Algorithm Implementation
You can implement other searching algorithms to search for a best-known path for the delivery
process. Here are some of the possible searching algorithm you might want to consider:
1. Best First Search
2. A* Search
3. Genetic Algorithm
4. Hybrid Search I (MCTS + GA)
5. Hybrid Search II (MCTS + ML)
6. Your custom searching algorithm
Parallelism (Threading)
You might want to apply parallel programming for the MCTS algorithm. For MCTS, simulations
made can be run parallelly to reduce time usage greatly so that we can get a better result with
shorter time for large N.
You can also apply parallel programming by parallelising the process of vehicle movement
and route searching. You can try to search a best next move first using MCTS, then while
vehicle is moving to the next location (which the process should take some times if you animate
your simulation), you can continue to search the next best move from the next location so that
you don’t have to waste so much time initially for searching the best whole route for every
vehicle before they depart.
END OF THE QUESTION