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Crypto Lab – Secret-Key Encryption
The development of this document is/was funded by three grants from the US National Science Foundation:
Awards No. 0231122 and 0618680 from TUES/CCLI and Award No. 1017771 from Trustworthy Computing.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. A copy
of the license can be found at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html.
1 Overview
The learning objective of this lab is for students to get familiar with the concepts in the secret-key encryption.
After finishing the lab, students should be able to gain a first-hand experience on encryption algorithms .
Moreover, students will be able to use tools and write programs to encrypt/decrypt messages.
2 Lab Environment
Installing OpenSSL. In this lab, we will use openssl commands and libraries. We have already installed
openssl binaries in our VM. It should be noted that if you want to use openssl libraries in
your programs, you need to install several other things for the programming environment, including the
header files, libraries, manuals, etc. We have already downloaded the necessary files under the directory
/home/seed/openssl-1.0.1. To configure and install openssl libraries, go to the openssl-1.0.1
folder and run the following commands.
You should read the INSTALL file first:
% sudo ./config
% sudo make
% sudo make test
% sudo make install
Installing a hex editor. In this lab, we need to be able to view and modify files of binary format. We have
installed in our VM a hex editor called GHex. It allows the user to load data from any file, view and edit it
in either hex or ascii. Note: many people told us that another hex editor, called Bless, is better; this tool
may not be installed in the VM version that you are using, but you can install it yourself using the following
command:
% sudo apt-get install bless
3 Lab Tasks
3.1 Task 1: Encryption using different ciphers
In this task, we will play with various encryption algorithms and modes. You can use the following
openssl enc command to encrypt/decrypt a file. To see the manuals, you can type man openssl
and man enc.
SEED Labs 2
% openssl enc ciphertype -e -in plain.txt -out cipher.bin \
-K 00112233445566778889aabbccddeeff \
-iv 0102030405060708
Please replace the ciphertype with a specific cipher type, such as -aes-128-cbc, -bf-cbc, etc.
In this task, you should try at least 3 different ciphers . You can find the meaning of the command-line
options and all the supported cipher types by typing "man enc". We include some common options for
the openssl enc command in the following:
-in input file
-out output file
-e encrypt
-d decrypt
-K/-iv key/iv in hex is the next argument
-[pP] print the iv/key (then exit if -P)
3.2 Task 2: Programming using the Crypto Library
So far, we have learned how to use the tools provided by openssl to encrypt and decrypt messages. In
this task, we will learn how to use openssl’s crypto library to encrypt/descrypt messages in programs.
OpenSSL provides an API called EVP, which is a high-level interface to cryptographic functions. Although
OpenSSL also has direct interfaces for each individual encryption algorithm, the EVP library provides
a common interface for various encryption algorithms. To ask EVP to use a specific algorithm, we simply
need to pass our choice to the EVP interface. A sample code is given in https://www.openssl.
org/docs/man1.0.2/crypto/EVP_EncryptInit.html. Please get yourself familiar with this
program, and then do the following exercise.
You are given a plaintext and a ciphertext, and you know that aes-128-cbc is used to generate the
ciphertext from the plaintext, and you also know that the numbers in the IV are all zeros (not the ASCII
character ‘0’). Another clue that you have learned is that the key used to encrypt this plaintext is an English
word shorter than 16 characters; the word that can be found from a typical English dictionary. Since the
word has less than 16 characters (i.e. 128 bits), space characters (hexadecimal value 0x20) are appended to
the end of the word to form a key of 128 bits. Your goal is to write a program to find out this key. You can
download a English word list from the Internet. We have also linked one on the web page of this lab. The
plaintext and ciphertext is in the following:
Plaintext (total 21 characters): This is a top secret.
Ciphertext (in hex format): 8d20e5056a8d24d0462ce74e4904c1b5
13e10d1df4a2ef2ad4540fae1ca0aaf9
Note 1: If you choose to store the plaintex message in a file, and feed the file to your program, you need
to check whether the file length is 21. Some editors may add a special character to the end of the file. If that
happens, you can use a hex editor tool to remove the special character.
Note 2: In this task, you are supposed to write your own program to invoke the crypto library. No credit
will be given if you simply use the openssl commands to do this task.
SEED Labs 3
Note 3: To compile your code, you may need to include the header files in openssl, and link to
openssl libraries. To do that, you need to tell your compiler where those files are. In your Makefile,
you may want to specify the following:
INC=/usr/local/ssl/include/
LIB=/usr/local/ssl/lib/
all:
gcc -I$(INC) -L$(LIB) -o enc yourcode.c -lcrypto -ldl
4 Submission
You need to submit a detailed lab report to describe what you have done and what you have observed; you
also need to provide explanation to the observations that are interesting or surprising. In your report, you
need to answer all the questions listed in this lab.
Crypto Lab – Secret-Key Encryption
The development of this document is/was funded by three grants from the US National Science Foundation:
Awards No. 0231122 and 0618680 from TUES/CCLI and Award No. 1017771 from Trustworthy Computing.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. A copy
of the license can be found at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html.
1 Overview
The learning objective of this lab is for students to get familiar with the concepts in the secret-key encryption.
After finishing the lab, students should be able to gain a first-hand experience on encryption algorithms .
Moreover, students will be able to use tools and write programs to encrypt/decrypt messages.
2 Lab Environment
Installing OpenSSL. In this lab, we will use openssl commands and libraries. We have already installed
openssl binaries in our VM. It should be noted that if you want to use openssl libraries in
your programs, you need to install several other things for the programming environment, including the
header files, libraries, manuals, etc. We have already downloaded the necessary files under the directory
/home/seed/openssl-1.0.1. To configure and install openssl libraries, go to the openssl-1.0.1
folder and run the following commands.
You should read the INSTALL file first:
% sudo ./config
% sudo make
% sudo make test
% sudo make install
Installing a hex editor. In this lab, we need to be able to view and modify files of binary format. We have
installed in our VM a hex editor called GHex. It allows the user to load data from any file, view and edit it
in either hex or ascii. Note: many people told us that another hex editor, called Bless, is better; this tool
may not be installed in the VM version that you are using, but you can install it yourself using the following
command:
% sudo apt-get install bless
3 Lab Tasks
3.1 Task 1: Encryption using different ciphers
In this task, we will play with various encryption algorithms and modes. You can use the following
openssl enc command to encrypt/decrypt a file. To see the manuals, you can type man openssl
and man enc.
SEED Labs 2
% openssl enc ciphertype -e -in plain.txt -out cipher.bin \
-K 00112233445566778889aabbccddeeff \
-iv 0102030405060708
Please replace the ciphertype with a specific cipher type, such as -aes-128-cbc, -bf-cbc, etc.
In this task, you should try at least 3 different ciphers . You can find the meaning of the command-line
options and all the supported cipher types by typing "man enc". We include some common options for
the openssl enc command in the following:
-in
-out
-e encrypt
-d decrypt
-K/-iv key/iv in hex is the next argument
-[pP] print the iv/key (then exit if -P)
3.2 Task 2: Programming using the Crypto Library
So far, we have learned how to use the tools provided by openssl to encrypt and decrypt messages. In
this task, we will learn how to use openssl’s crypto library to encrypt/descrypt messages in programs.
OpenSSL provides an API called EVP, which is a high-level interface to cryptographic functions. Although
OpenSSL also has direct interfaces for each individual encryption algorithm, the EVP library provides
a common interface for various encryption algorithms. To ask EVP to use a specific algorithm, we simply
need to pass our choice to the EVP interface. A sample code is given in https://www.openssl.
org/docs/man1.0.2/crypto/EVP_EncryptInit.html. Please get yourself familiar with this
program, and then do the following exercise.
You are given a plaintext and a ciphertext, and you know that aes-128-cbc is used to generate the
ciphertext from the plaintext, and you also know that the numbers in the IV are all zeros (not the ASCII
character ‘0’). Another clue that you have learned is that the key used to encrypt this plaintext is an English
word shorter than 16 characters; the word that can be found from a typical English dictionary. Since the
word has less than 16 characters (i.e. 128 bits), space characters (hexadecimal value 0x20) are appended to
the end of the word to form a key of 128 bits. Your goal is to write a program to find out this key. You can
download a English word list from the Internet. We have also linked one on the web page of this lab. The
plaintext and ciphertext is in the following:
Plaintext (total 21 characters): This is a top secret.
Ciphertext (in hex format): 8d20e5056a8d24d0462ce74e4904c1b5
13e10d1df4a2ef2ad4540fae1ca0aaf9
Note 1: If you choose to store the plaintex message in a file, and feed the file to your program, you need
to check whether the file length is 21. Some editors may add a special character to the end of the file. If that
happens, you can use a hex editor tool to remove the special character.
Note 2: In this task, you are supposed to write your own program to invoke the crypto library. No credit
will be given if you simply use the openssl commands to do this task.
SEED Labs 3
Note 3: To compile your code, you may need to include the header files in openssl, and link to
openssl libraries. To do that, you need to tell your compiler where those files are. In your Makefile,
you may want to specify the following:
INC=/usr/local/ssl/include/
LIB=/usr/local/ssl/lib/
all:
gcc -I$(INC) -L$(LIB) -o enc yourcode.c -lcrypto -ldl
4 Submission
You need to submit a detailed lab report to describe what you have done and what you have observed; you
also need to provide explanation to the observations that are interesting or surprising. In your report, you
need to answer all the questions listed in this lab.