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Second (Spring) Semester 2020
[Assignment 3]
AI Solver for Peg Solitaire:
Graph Search
Handed out: Monday, 19 of October
Due: 23:59, Sunday, 1 of November
Purpose
The purpose of this assignment is for you to:
❼ Increase your proficiency in C programming, your dexterity with dynamic memory allocation
and your understanding of data structures, through programming a traversal algorithm over
Graphs.
❼ Gain experience with applications of graphs and graph algorithms to solving games, one form of
artificial intelligence.
Assignment description
In this programming assignment you’ll be expected to build an AI algorithm to solve Peg Solitaire
(known as Brainvita in India). The game was invented in the XVII century in Madagascar. The first
reference to the rules appeared in 1687 in a french cultural magazine. It is one of the classic board
game puzzles, and several boards that differ in shape and size appeared through time. You can play
the game using the keyboard and compiling the code given to you, or using this web implementation.
The Peg Solitaire game enginge code in this assignment was adapted from the open-source terminal
version made available by Maurits van der Schee1
.
The Peg Solitaire game
As explained in the wikipedia entry, The player can move a peg jumping on top of another adjacent
peg, if there is a free adjacent cell to land. There are 4 valid jumps: Left, Right, Up and Down.
The objective is to clean the board until there is only 1 peg left. Some variants require that the last
remaining peg sits on the middle of the board. In this game we ignore that variant and win the game
if only 1 peg is left, no matter its final position. An AI agent or human player can chose the sequence
of jumps to win the game.
Solving Pegsol belongs to the class of problemns known as NP-Complete problems (paper). NPcomplete
problems are hard to solve. The best algorithms to solve NP-Complete problems run in
1https://github.com/mevdschee/peg-solitaire.c
exponential time as a function of the size of the problem. Hence, be aware that your AI solver will
struggle more as the number of pegs increases. We talked in the lectures about the Travelling Salesman
Problem as one example of an NP-Complete problem. In fact, many real-world problems fall under
this category. We are going to learn more about NP-Complete problems in the last lecture of the
course.
As a curiosity, you can see the number of distinct board positions on the standard 33-hole cross-shaped
layout as an entry on the encyclopedia of integer sequences.
Human Player Mode
In the code provided, you can move the cursor in four directions using the arrow keys: up, down, left,
and right. Use the enter/return key to select (or deselect) a peg. Pegs can then be moved using the
arrow keys. Quit, restart and undo keys are ’q’, ’r’ and ’u’. A peg can only move if it can jump over
a adjacent peg and land on an empty space. A peg is represented by a circle and a empty space by
a dot. You win the game when you end with one peg (anywhere in the board). When there are no
more moves possible the game is over.
The Algorithm
Each possible configuration of the Peg Solitaire (Pegsol) is a tuple made of: m × m grid board, the
position of the cursor and whether the peg under the cursor has been selected. This tuple is called
a state. The Pegsol Graph G = hV, Ei is implicitly defined. The vertex set V is defined as all the
possible configurations (states), and the edges E connecting two vertexes are defined by the legal jump
actions (right, left, up, down).
Your task is to find the path leading to the best solution, i.e. leading to the vertex (state) with the
least number of remaining pegs. A path is a sequence of actions. You are going to use Depth First
Search to find the best solution, up to a maximum budget of expanded/explored nodes (nodes for
which you’ve generated its children).
When the AI solver is called (Algorithm 1), it should explore all possible paths (sequence of jump
actions) following a Depth First Search (DFS) strategy, until consuming the budget or until a path
solving the game is found. Note that we do not include duplicate states in the search. If a state was
already generated, we will not include it again in the stack (line 21). The algorithm should return the
best solution found, the path leading to the least number of remaining pegs. This path will then
be executed by the game engine.
You might have multiple paths leading to a solution. Your algorithm should consider the possible
action by scanning the board in this order: traverse coordinate x = 0, . . . , m first, and
then y = 0, . . . , m looking for a peg that can jump, and then selecting jumping actions left, right, up
or down.
Make sure you manage the memory well. When you finish running the algorithm, you have to free all
the nodes from the memory, otherwise you will have memory leaks. You will notice that the algorithm
can run out of memory fairly fast after expanding a few milion nodes.
When you applyAction you have to create a new node, that
1. points to the parent,
2. updates the state with the action chosen,
3. updates the depth of the node.
4. updates the action used to create the node
Algorithm 1 AI Peg Solitaire Algorithm
1: procedure PegSolver(start, budget)
2: n ← initNode(start)
3: stackPush(n)
4: remainingP egs ← numPegs(n)
5: while stack 6= empty do
6: n ← stack.pop()
7: exploredNodes ← exploredNodes + 1
8: if numPegs(n) < remainingP egs then . Found a better solution
9: saveSolution(n)
10: remainingP egs ← numPegs(n)
11: end if
12: for each jump action a ∈ [0, m) × [0, m) × {Lef t, Right, U p, Down} do
13: if a is a legal action for node n then
14: newNode ← applyAction(n, a) . Create Child node
15: generatedNodes ← generatedNodes + 1
16: if won(newNode) then . Peg Solitaire Solved
17: saveSolution(newNode)
18: remainingP egs ← numPegs(newNode)
19: return
20: end if
21: if newNode.state.board seen for the first time then . Avoid duplicates
22: stackPush(newNode) . DFS strategy
23: end if
24: end if
25: end for
26: if explored nodes ≥ budget then
27: return . Budget exhausted
28: end if
29: end while
30: end procedure
Deliverables, evaluation and delivery rules
Deliverable 1 – Solver source code
You are expected to hand in the source code for your solver, written in C. Obviously, your source code
is expected to compile and execute flawlessly using the following makefile command: make generating
an executable called pegsol. Remember to compile using the optimization flag gcc -O3 for doing
your experiments, it will run twice as quickly than compiling with the debugging flag gcc -g (see
Makefile, and change the CFLAGS accordingly). For the submission, please submit your makefile
with gcc -g option, as our scripts need this flag for testing. Your program must not be compiled
under any flags that prevents it from working under gdb or valgrind
Your implementation should work well over the first 6 layouts, but it will not be expected to find a
solution to win the last three layouts with budget limits up to 3M expansions requiring around 2GB
of RAM.
Try different budgets and explain why your agent works well (or doesn’t) in each of the test cases.
Base Code
You are given a base code. You can compile the code and play with the keyboard. You are going to
have to program your solver in the file ai.c. Look at the file peg solitaire.c (main function) to know
which function is called to call the algorithm.
You are given the structure of a node, the state, a stack and a hashtable implementation to check for
duplicate states efficiently (line 21 in the algorithm). Look into the utils.* files to know about the
functions you can call to apply an action to update a game state.
In your final submission, you are free to change any file, but make sure not to change the name of the
variable in layouts.h file, as we will change that file to test your algorithm with new layouts.
Input
You can play the game with the keyboard by executing
./pegsol
where level ∈ {0, . . . , 8} for standard levels.
In order to execute your solver use the following command:
./pegsol AI play solution
Where AI calls your algorithm. play solution is optional, if typed in as an argument, the program
will play the solution found by your algorithm once it finishes. is an integer number
indicating the budget of your search.
for example:
./pegsol 5 AI 1200000 play solution
Will run the 6th layout expanding maximum 1.2M nodes and will play the soltution found.
Output
Your solver will print into an output.txt file the following information:
1. Number of expanded nodes.
2. Number of generated nodes.
3. Number of pegs left in the solution.
4. Number of nodes expanded per second.
5. Total search time, in seconds.
For example, the output of your solver ./pegsol 5 AI 1200000 could be:
STATS:
Expanded nodes: 1090275
Generated nodes: 4898609
Solution Length: 35
Number of Pegs Left: 1
Expanded/seconds: 329924
Time (seconds): 3.304622
Expanded/Second can be computed by dividing the total number of expanded nodes by the time it
took to solve the game. A node is expanded if it was popped out from the stack, and a node is
generated if it was created using the applyAction function. You can print all this information by
adapting the current code in the main() function in peg solitaire.c
Deliverable 2 – Experimentation
Besides handing in the solver source code, you’re required to provide a table with the number of pegs
left, generated nodes, expanded nodes, expanded/second, and total execution time for each layout and
each max budget of 10k,100k,1M,1.5M.
Explain your results using your figures and tables. Plot the number of pegs left as a function of the
number of pegs initially in the board. Also plot how the budgets affect solution quality in the last 4
layouts. You can include any other plot that may give you insights into how your algorithm works.
If you do any of the optimizations over the algorithm, please report and discuss it in
your experimentation.
Answer concisely. Please include your Username, Student ID and Full Name in your Document.
Evaluation
Assignment marks will be divided into three different components.
1. Solver (11)
2. Code Style (1)
3. Experimentation (3)
Please note that you should be ready to answer any question we might have on the details of your
assignment solution by e–mail, or even attending a brief interview with me, in order to clarify any
doubts we might have.
Code Style
You can improve the base code according to the guidelines given in the first assignments. Feel free
to add comments wherever you find convenient. From your comments it should be very clear exactly
which lines implement each line of the pseudocode. The base code was minimally modified to allow
easy deployment of your AI algorithm and the coding style belongs to the original author.
Delivery rules
You will need to make two submissions for this assignment:
❼ Your C code files (including your Makefile) will be submitted through the LMS page for this
subject: Assignments → Assignment 3 → Assignment 3: Code.
❼ Your experiments report file will be submitted through the LMS page for this subject: Assignments
→ Assignment 3 → Assignment 3: Experimentation. This file can be of any format, e.g.
.pdf, text or other.
Program files submitted (Code)
Submit the program files for your assignment and your Makefile.
Your programs must compile and run correctly on the JupyterHub server. You may have developed
your program in another environment, but it still must run on the JupyterHub server at submission
time. For this reason, and because there are often small, but significant, differences between compilers,
it is suggested that if you are working in a different environment, you upload and test your code on
the JupyterHub server at reasonably frequent intervals.
A common reason for programs not to compile is that a file has been inadvertently omitted from the
submission. Please check your submission, and resubmit all files if necessary.
Plagiarism
This is an individual assignment. The work must be your own.
While you may discuss your program development, coding problems and experimentation with your
classmates, you must not share files, as this is considered plagiarism.
If you refer to published work in the discussion of your experiments, be sure to include
a citation to the publication or the web link.
“Borrowing” of someone else’s code without acknowledgement is plagiarism, e.x. taking
code from a book without acknowledgement. Plagiarism is considered a serious offense at the
University of Melbourne. You should read the University code on Academic honesty and details on
plagiarism. Make sure you are not plagiarizing, intentionally or unintentionally.
You are also advised that there will be a C programming component (on paper, not on a computer) on
the final examination. Students who do not program their own assignments will be at a disadvantage
for this part of the examination.
Administrative issues
When is late? What do I do if I am late? The due date and time are printed on the front
of this document. The lateness policy is on the handout provided at the first lecture and also available
on the subject LMS page. If you decide to make a late submission, you should send an email
directly to the lecturer as soon as possible and he will provide instructions for making a late submission.
What are the marks and the marking criteria Recall that this project is worth 15% of your
final score. There is also a hurdle requirement: you must earn at least 20 marks out of a subtotal of
40 for the projects to pass this subject.
Finally Despite all these stern words, we are here to help! There is information about getting help
in this subject on the LMS pages. Frequently asked questions about the project will be answered in
the LMS discussion group.
Have Fun!
COMP20003 team.
Second (Spring) Semester 2020
[Assignment 3]
AI Solver for Peg Solitaire:
Graph Search
Handed out: Monday, 19 of October
Due: 23:59, Sunday, 1 of November
Purpose
The purpose of this assignment is for you to:
❼ Increase your proficiency in C programming, your dexterity with dynamic memory allocation
and your understanding of data structures, through programming a traversal algorithm over
Graphs.
❼ Gain experience with applications of graphs and graph algorithms to solving games, one form of
artificial intelligence.
Assignment description
In this programming assignment you’ll be expected to build an AI algorithm to solve Peg Solitaire
(known as Brainvita in India). The game was invented in the XVII century in Madagascar. The first
reference to the rules appeared in 1687 in a french cultural magazine. It is one of the classic board
game puzzles, and several boards that differ in shape and size appeared through time. You can play
the game using the keyboard and compiling the code given to you, or using this web implementation.
The Peg Solitaire game enginge code in this assignment was adapted from the open-source terminal
version made available by Maurits van der Schee1
.
The Peg Solitaire game
As explained in the wikipedia entry, The player can move a peg jumping on top of another adjacent
peg, if there is a free adjacent cell to land. There are 4 valid jumps: Left, Right, Up and Down.
The objective is to clean the board until there is only 1 peg left. Some variants require that the last
remaining peg sits on the middle of the board. In this game we ignore that variant and win the game
if only 1 peg is left, no matter its final position. An AI agent or human player can chose the sequence
of jumps to win the game.
Solving Pegsol belongs to the class of problemns known as NP-Complete problems (paper). NPcomplete
problems are hard to solve. The best algorithms to solve NP-Complete problems run in
1https://github.com/mevdschee/peg-solitaire.c
exponential time as a function of the size of the problem. Hence, be aware that your AI solver will
struggle more as the number of pegs increases. We talked in the lectures about the Travelling Salesman
Problem as one example of an NP-Complete problem. In fact, many real-world problems fall under
this category. We are going to learn more about NP-Complete problems in the last lecture of the
course.
As a curiosity, you can see the number of distinct board positions on the standard 33-hole cross-shaped
layout as an entry on the encyclopedia of integer sequences.
Human Player Mode
In the code provided, you can move the cursor in four directions using the arrow keys: up, down, left,
and right. Use the enter/return key to select (or deselect) a peg. Pegs can then be moved using the
arrow keys. Quit, restart and undo keys are ’q’, ’r’ and ’u’. A peg can only move if it can jump over
a adjacent peg and land on an empty space. A peg is represented by a circle and a empty space by
a dot. You win the game when you end with one peg (anywhere in the board). When there are no
more moves possible the game is over.
The Algorithm
Each possible configuration of the Peg Solitaire (Pegsol) is a tuple made of: m × m grid board, the
position of the cursor and whether the peg under the cursor has been selected. This tuple is called
a state. The Pegsol Graph G = hV, Ei is implicitly defined. The vertex set V is defined as all the
possible configurations (states), and the edges E connecting two vertexes are defined by the legal jump
actions (right, left, up, down).
Your task is to find the path leading to the best solution, i.e. leading to the vertex (state) with the
least number of remaining pegs. A path is a sequence of actions. You are going to use Depth First
Search to find the best solution, up to a maximum budget of expanded/explored nodes (nodes for
which you’ve generated its children).
When the AI solver is called (Algorithm 1), it should explore all possible paths (sequence of jump
actions) following a Depth First Search (DFS) strategy, until consuming the budget or until a path
solving the game is found. Note that we do not include duplicate states in the search. If a state was
already generated, we will not include it again in the stack (line 21). The algorithm should return the
best solution found, the path leading to the least number of remaining pegs. This path will then
be executed by the game engine.
You might have multiple paths leading to a solution. Your algorithm should consider the possible
action by scanning the board in this order: traverse coordinate x = 0, . . . , m first, and
then y = 0, . . . , m looking for a peg that can jump, and then selecting jumping actions left, right, up
or down.
Make sure you manage the memory well. When you finish running the algorithm, you have to free all
the nodes from the memory, otherwise you will have memory leaks. You will notice that the algorithm
can run out of memory fairly fast after expanding a few milion nodes.
When you applyAction you have to create a new node, that
1. points to the parent,
2. updates the state with the action chosen,
3. updates the depth of the node.
4. updates the action used to create the node
Algorithm 1 AI Peg Solitaire Algorithm
1: procedure PegSolver(start, budget)
2: n ← initNode(start)
3: stackPush(n)
4: remainingP egs ← numPegs(n)
5: while stack 6= empty do
6: n ← stack.pop()
7: exploredNodes ← exploredNodes + 1
8: if numPegs(n) < remainingP egs then . Found a better solution
9: saveSolution(n)
10: remainingP egs ← numPegs(n)
11: end if
12: for each jump action a ∈ [0, m) × [0, m) × {Lef t, Right, U p, Down} do
13: if a is a legal action for node n then
14: newNode ← applyAction(n, a) . Create Child node
15: generatedNodes ← generatedNodes + 1
16: if won(newNode) then . Peg Solitaire Solved
17: saveSolution(newNode)
18: remainingP egs ← numPegs(newNode)
19: return
20: end if
21: if newNode.state.board seen for the first time then . Avoid duplicates
22: stackPush(newNode) . DFS strategy
23: end if
24: end if
25: end for
26: if explored nodes ≥ budget then
27: return . Budget exhausted
28: end if
29: end while
30: end procedure
Deliverables, evaluation and delivery rules
Deliverable 1 – Solver source code
You are expected to hand in the source code for your solver, written in C. Obviously, your source code
is expected to compile and execute flawlessly using the following makefile command: make generating
an executable called pegsol. Remember to compile using the optimization flag gcc -O3 for doing
your experiments, it will run twice as quickly than compiling with the debugging flag gcc -g (see
Makefile, and change the CFLAGS accordingly). For the submission, please submit your makefile
with gcc -g option, as our scripts need this flag for testing. Your program must not be compiled
under any flags that prevents it from working under gdb or valgrind
Your implementation should work well over the first 6 layouts, but it will not be expected to find a
solution to win the last three layouts with budget limits up to 3M expansions requiring around 2GB
of RAM.
Try different budgets and explain why your agent works well (or doesn’t) in each of the test cases.
Base Code
You are given a base code. You can compile the code and play with the keyboard. You are going to
have to program your solver in the file ai.c. Look at the file peg solitaire.c (main function) to know
which function is called to call the algorithm.
You are given the structure of a node, the state, a stack and a hashtable implementation to check for
duplicate states efficiently (line 21 in the algorithm). Look into the utils.* files to know about the
functions you can call to apply an action to update a game state.
In your final submission, you are free to change any file, but make sure not to change the name of the
variable in layouts.h file, as we will change that file to test your algorithm with new layouts.
Input
You can play the game with the keyboard by executing
./pegsol
where level ∈ {0, . . . , 8} for standard levels.
In order to execute your solver use the following command:
./pegsol
Where AI calls your algorithm. play solution is optional, if typed in as an argument, the program
will play the solution found by your algorithm once it finishes.
indicating the budget of your search.
for example:
./pegsol 5 AI 1200000 play solution
Will run the 6th layout expanding maximum 1.2M nodes and will play the soltution found.
Output
Your solver will print into an output.txt file the following information:
1. Number of expanded nodes.
2. Number of generated nodes.
3. Number of pegs left in the solution.
4. Number of nodes expanded per second.
5. Total search time, in seconds.
For example, the output of your solver ./pegsol 5 AI 1200000 could be:
STATS:
Expanded nodes: 1090275
Generated nodes: 4898609
Solution Length: 35
Number of Pegs Left: 1
Expanded/seconds: 329924
Time (seconds): 3.304622
Expanded/Second can be computed by dividing the total number of expanded nodes by the time it
took to solve the game. A node is expanded if it was popped out from the stack, and a node is
generated if it was created using the applyAction function. You can print all this information by
adapting the current code in the main() function in peg solitaire.c
Deliverable 2 – Experimentation
Besides handing in the solver source code, you’re required to provide a table with the number of pegs
left, generated nodes, expanded nodes, expanded/second, and total execution time for each layout and
each max budget of 10k,100k,1M,1.5M.
Explain your results using your figures and tables. Plot the number of pegs left as a function of the
number of pegs initially in the board. Also plot how the budgets affect solution quality in the last 4
layouts. You can include any other plot that may give you insights into how your algorithm works.
If you do any of the optimizations over the algorithm, please report and discuss it in
your experimentation.
Answer concisely. Please include your Username, Student ID and Full Name in your Document.
Evaluation
Assignment marks will be divided into three different components.
1. Solver (11)
2. Code Style (1)
3. Experimentation (3)
Please note that you should be ready to answer any question we might have on the details of your
assignment solution by e–mail, or even attending a brief interview with me, in order to clarify any
doubts we might have.
Code Style
You can improve the base code according to the guidelines given in the first assignments. Feel free
to add comments wherever you find convenient. From your comments it should be very clear exactly
which lines implement each line of the pseudocode. The base code was minimally modified to allow
easy deployment of your AI algorithm and the coding style belongs to the original author.
Delivery rules
You will need to make two submissions for this assignment:
❼ Your C code files (including your Makefile) will be submitted through the LMS page for this
subject: Assignments → Assignment 3 → Assignment 3: Code.
❼ Your experiments report file will be submitted through the LMS page for this subject: Assignments
→ Assignment 3 → Assignment 3: Experimentation. This file can be of any format, e.g.
.pdf, text or other.
Program files submitted (Code)
Submit the program files for your assignment and your Makefile.
Your programs must compile and run correctly on the JupyterHub server. You may have developed
your program in another environment, but it still must run on the JupyterHub server at submission
time. For this reason, and because there are often small, but significant, differences between compilers,
it is suggested that if you are working in a different environment, you upload and test your code on
the JupyterHub server at reasonably frequent intervals.
A common reason for programs not to compile is that a file has been inadvertently omitted from the
submission. Please check your submission, and resubmit all files if necessary.
Plagiarism
This is an individual assignment. The work must be your own.
While you may discuss your program development, coding problems and experimentation with your
classmates, you must not share files, as this is considered plagiarism.
If you refer to published work in the discussion of your experiments, be sure to include
a citation to the publication or the web link.
“Borrowing” of someone else’s code without acknowledgement is plagiarism, e.x. taking
code from a book without acknowledgement. Plagiarism is considered a serious offense at the
University of Melbourne. You should read the University code on Academic honesty and details on
plagiarism. Make sure you are not plagiarizing, intentionally or unintentionally.
You are also advised that there will be a C programming component (on paper, not on a computer) on
the final examination. Students who do not program their own assignments will be at a disadvantage
for this part of the examination.
Administrative issues
When is late? What do I do if I am late? The due date and time are printed on the front
of this document. The lateness policy is on the handout provided at the first lecture and also available
on the subject LMS page. If you decide to make a late submission, you should send an email
directly to the lecturer as soon as possible and he will provide instructions for making a late submission.
What are the marks and the marking criteria Recall that this project is worth 15% of your
final score. There is also a hurdle requirement: you must earn at least 20 marks out of a subtotal of
40 for the projects to pass this subject.
Finally Despite all these stern words, we are here to help! There is information about getting help
in this subject on the LMS pages. Frequently asked questions about the project will be answered in
the LMS discussion group.
Have Fun!
COMP20003 team.