代做6CCM327A Topology Summer 2018调试R语言
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Summer 2018
SECTION A
A 1. Let X , Y and Z be topological spaces.
(a) Define what it means for a map f : X → Y to be continuous. [4 marks]
(b) For each of the following statements determine whether it is true or false. Prove or construct a counter-example.
i. The map f is continuous, if and only if for every open set U ⊆ X its image f (U) is open in Y.
ii. The map f is continuous, if and only if for every closed set C ⊆ Y its inverse image f-1 (C) is closed in X .
iii. The map f is continuous, if and only if for every closed set C ⊆ X its image f (C) is closed in X . [12 marks]
A 2. Let {Xi}i∈I be a family of topological spaces and the Cartesian product of {Xi}.
(a) Define the product and the box topologies on X . (There is no need to
verify that it satisfies the topology axioms.) [5 marks]
(b) For each of the following statements determine whether it is true or false. Prove or construct a counter-example.
i. If I is finite then the product and the box topologies coincide.
ii. The projections πi : X → Xi are all continuous, where X is assumed to be equipped with either the product topology or the box topology.
iii. Let be a countable product (where R is equipped
with the standard topology). Then the box topology on X is strictly finer than the product topology on X . [11 marks]
A 3. Let X be a topological space.
(a) Define what it means for X to be connected, what it means for X to be path-connected, and what it means for X to be compact. [3 marks]
(b) For each of the following statements determine whether it is true or
false. Prove or construct a counter-example.
i. Every compact subspace of R is connected.
ii. If X is connected and Y ⊆ X is closed then Y is connected.
iii. If X is compact and Y ⊆ X is closed then Y is compact.
iv. Every compact subspace Y ⊆ X of a compact space X is closed in X . [9 marks]
(c) i. Define the decomposition of X into the connected and the
path-connected components. (If you define it as the set of
equivalence classes then there is no need to validate the axioms of equivalence relation.)
ii. Prove that the connected components {Ci}i∈I are disjoint subsets of X, such that every connected subspace intersects at most one of them. [6 marks]
SECTION B
B 4. (a) Prove the Intermediate Value Theorem: if f : X → R is a continuous
map defined on a connected topological space X, then if for some
a, b ∈ X we have f(a) < f (b), then for every f(a) < r < f (b) there exists a point c ∈ X such that f (c) = r. [5 marks]
(b) Let A ≤ R2 be a subset of R2 defined by
i. Is A connected? Explain.
ii. Is A compact? Explain.
iii. Is A Hausdorf? Explain. [10 marks]
(c) Let A be as in part (b).
i. Show that the closure A of A is given by
A = A ∪ (R × {0}),
i.e. adding the real line to A (thinking of R ⊆ R2 via the imbedding
x }→ (x, 0)). A brief argument is sufficient.
ii. Is A compact? Explain.
iii. Decompose A into connected and path-connected components. Explain. [10 marks]
B 5. (a) i. Prove the Tube Lemma: If X , Y are topological spaces, Y is
compact, x0 ∈ X, then for every open set N ⊆ X × Y containing {x0 } × Y there exists an open neighbourhood W ⊆ X of x0 such that N ⊇ W × Y.
ii. Does there exist an open set A ⊆ [—1, 1] × R that contains {0} × R but does not contain any set of the form [—∈, ∈] × R for ∈ > 0?
Explain why your answer does not contradict the Tube Lemma. [7 marks]
(b) Let S = {1, 2, . . . , 2018} ⊆ R be equipped with the subspace topology induced by the standard topology on R. For each of the following
statements determine whether it is true or false. Prove or construct a counter-example.
i. There exists a non-discrete topology T on R2 so that (R2 , T) is not connected.
ii. There exist no continuous non-constant map f : R2 → S.
iii. There exist no continuous non-constant map f : [0, 1]2 → S. [10 marks]
(c) Let Q ⊆ R be the set of rational numbers endowed with the subspace
topology induced from the standard topology on R and let X = Q ∩ [0, 1].
i. Is X connected?
ii. Is X compact?
iii. Construct a continuous function f : X → R that does not attain
maximum nor minimum, and explain why it does not contradict the Extreme Value Theorem. [8 marks]